At a glance this year
Your child will learn to…
Your child will learn how important social, money-related, and political issues, including unfairness, affected different groups of people in Canada between 1850 and 1890. They will also understand how these factors influenced the growth of the country, especially for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities.
Your child will be able to understand how different things connect to cause global inequalities, especially in how people live and thrive. They will also look at different ways people are trying to fix these problems.
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These are SmartStudy’s plain-language explanations. Use the official source for Ontario’s exact wording.
A. Creating Canada, 1850–1890 41 expectations
Your child will learn how important social, money-related, and political issues, including unfairness, affected different groups of people in Canada between 1850 and 1890. They will also understand how these factors influenced the growth of the country, especially for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities.
View 7 learning goals
- A1.1 HIST - Grade 8 - A1.1
Your child will learn about the different reasons, both inside and outside of Canada, that led to the country being formed and growing larger. For example, they will understand how events like the American Civil War or Britain's changing views influenced Canada's development.
- A1.1 GEO - Grade 8 - A1.1
Your child will be able to understand how the natural world, like climate, land, and resources, affects where and how people choose to live in different places around the world.
- A1.2 HIST - Grade 8 - A1.2
Your child will learn how restrictions on legal standing, rights, and special advantages affected Indigenous peoples and communities in Canada from 1850 to 1890. For example, they will understand how laws like the Indian Act of 1876 impacted land ownership and the rights of "status Indians" living on reserves.
- A1.2 GEO - Grade 8 - A1.2
Your child will be able to understand how changes in our natural world, like rising sea levels or more intense storms due to climate change, might affect where and how people live in the future. They will also learn about the impact of desertification (when fertile land becomes desert) and earthquakes in areas with growing populations.
- A1.3 HIST - Grade 8 - A1.3
Your child will learn how different laws and rights affected various groups of people who came to Canada between 1850 and 1890. They will understand how these differences impacted people's lives, such as who could own land or vote, and the challenges faced by certain groups like Chinese immigrants or African Canadians.
- A1.3 GEO - Grade 8 - A1.3
Your child will learn about what makes a community sustainable in the future, like using renewable energy and having good public transportation. They will also understand the difficulties in creating such communities, such as high costs or growing populations.
- A1.4 HIST - Grade 8 - A1.4
Between 1850 and 1890, your child will examine efforts to create fairer conditions across Canada. They will meet examples of organizing by First Nations, Métis, Inuit people, workers, and newcomers: provisional governments, alliances, mutual-aid societies, and labour unions.
Your child will learn how the Earth's natural features and processes, like mountains or rivers, affect where people choose to live. They will also explore how the environment and the idea of "sustainability" (meeting our needs without harming future generations) might change where and how people live in the future.
Your child will be able to use a geographic inquiry process (asking questions, gathering and organizing information, analyzing and interpreting information, and communicating findings) to study how human settlements and the environment affect each other.
View 13 learning goals
- A2.1 GEO - Grade 8 - A2.1
Your child will learn to ask good questions to explore how where people live affects the environment and how we can live sustainably. This includes looking at different viewpoints like social, economic, and environmental aspects of land use around the world.
- A2.1 HIST - Grade 8 - A2.1
Your child will be able to ask good questions to explore how different groups of people, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities, viewed important events in Canada between 1850 and 1890. For example, they might ask how different groups felt about the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway or the Red River Resistance.
- A2.2 GEO - Grade 8 - A2.2
Your child will be able to collect and organize information from different places and technologies to study how human settlements and the environment affect each other, from a geography point of view.
- A2.2 HIST - Grade 8 - A2.2
Your child will collect and arrange facts and proof about what various groups, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities, thought about important events, changes, or problems in Canada during this time. They will use different kinds of historical materials, such as original documents like letters or diaries (called primary sources) and later interpretations like documentaries or reference books (called secondary sources).
- A2.3 HIST - Grade 8 - A2.3
Your child will learn how to figure out if information they find is trustworthy by looking at who created it, why they created it, and if it seems accurate and fair.
- A2.3 GEO - Grade 8 - A2.3
Your child will be able to understand and create different kinds of maps, both on paper and on computers, to study how people live and how their actions affect the environment. They will focus on understanding the areas involved in these issues, for example, using computer mapping tools (GIS) to look at population changes or land use.
- A2.4 HIST - Grade 8 - A2.4
Your child will learn to understand and create maps to study important events, changes, and problems in Canada between 1850 and 1890, paying attention to how areas and borders changed.
- A2.4 GEO - Grade 8 - A2.4
Your child will learn to understand and make sense of information they gather for their projects, using different tools and technologies that help them study places and spaces (like maps or satellite images). For example, they might look at pictures to figure out potential problems with new building projects or use computer programs to see how populations are moving from country to city.
- A2.5 GEO - Grade 8 - A2.5
Your child will be able to look at information and decide what it means for how people live and how we can keep our planet healthy for the future.
- A2.5 HIST - Grade 8 - A2.5
Your child will be able to understand and make sense of information and evidence they find during their research, using different tools like graphic organizers to compare different viewpoints on historical events or policies. They will also learn to analyze historical documents like speeches, newspaper articles, and pamphlets to understand various perspectives from the past.
- A2.6 GEO - Grade 8 - A2.6
Your child will be able to share what they've learned using the right words, like "population distribution" (where people live) or "sustainable development" (meeting our needs without harming the future). They will also learn to present their information in different ways, such as a play, website, or report, depending on who they are sharing it with.
- A2.6 HIST - Grade 8 - A2.6
Your child will look at information from different groups, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples, to understand their viewpoints on important Canadian events and issues from 1850-1890. They will then be able to form their own opinions based on this evidence.
- A2.7 HIST - Grade 8 - A2.7
Your child will be able to share what they've learned using the right words for the topic, like "Confederation" or "residential school system." They will also know how to present their information in different ways, such as a story, presentation, or poster, depending on who they are sharing it with.
Your child will learn how to research and understand the viewpoints of various groups, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities. This will help them understand how different people felt about important events and issues in Canada between 1850 and 1890.
Your child will learn about important people, events, and changes that happened in Canada between 1850 and 1890. They will understand how things like the Indian Act (a law that affected Indigenous peoples), agreements between Indigenous groups and the government, and residential schools (schools Indigenous children were forced to attend) had a lasting effect on the country.
View 21 learning goals
- A3.1 GEO - Grade 8 - A3.1
Your child will learn to recognize common ways people settle across the world, such as living in lines along a road, spread out, or grouped together in towns. They will also understand how population density (how many people live in an area) and distribution (where people are located) vary globally.
- A3.1 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.1
Your child will learn about important events that shaped Canada between 1850 and 1890, like how the country was formed or the building of the railway. They will also understand why these events were important to different people and groups, including Indigenous communities.
- A3.2 GEO - Grade 8 - A3.2
Your child will be able to explain how the natural world around us, like the climate, soil, and land features, affects where people choose to live and build communities. They will also understand how these natural elements influence the way towns and cities grow and develop.
- A3.2 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.2 (2018)
Your child will learn about important changes in laws and government decisions that impacted First Nations, Métis, and Inuit peoples between 1850 and 1890. They will also understand how these changes, like treaties or the Indian Act, had both immediate and lasting effects on these communities.
- A3.2 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.2 (2026)
Your child will learn about important events in Canada between 1850 and 1890. They will understand how these events affected Black people and communities, as well as Canadian society as a whole.
- A3.3 GEO - Grade 8 - A3.3
Your child will learn about important issues related to how land is used, such as different groups wanting to use the same land for farming, housing, or recreation, and how Indigenous groups claim land. They will also understand how various groups, like governments, local residents, and environmental organizations, respond to these issues.
- A3.3 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.3 (2026)
Your child will learn about important changes in laws and government decisions that impacted First Nations, Métis, and Inuit people between 1850 and 1890. They will understand how these changes, such as treaties and the Indian Act, led to both immediate and lasting effects on these communities.
- A3.3 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.3 (2018)
Your child will learn about the main reasons why residential schools were created, such as the government taking Indigenous land and efforts to force Christianity on Indigenous peoples. They will also understand the lasting negative effects these schools had on Indigenous individuals and communities, including the loss of language, culture, and family connections.
- A3.4 GEO - Grade 8 - A3.4
Your child will learn about important current trends in how people live and settle, such as the movement of people from the countryside to cities, or from big cities to smaller towns. They will also understand how human settlements can affect natural habitats and lead to urban sprawl (when cities spread out into surrounding areas) or land reclamation (creating new land from water).
- A3.4 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.4 (2025)
Your child will learn about the main reasons why residential schools were created, such as the government taking Indigenous land and efforts to force Indigenous people to adopt Christian beliefs and European customs. They will also understand the lasting negative effects these schools had on Indigenous individuals and communities, including the loss of language and culture, family separation, and ongoing trauma.
- A3.4 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.4 (2018)
Your child will learn about important political and legal changes that happened in Canada between 1850 and 1890, such as laws about slavery or the creation of Canada as a country. They will also understand how these changes affected different people and groups, excluding Indigenous peoples.
- A3.5 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.5 (2018)
Your child will learn about important social and economic shifts that happened in Canada between 1850 and 1890. They will understand how things like new industries, growing cities, and changes in trade affected different people and groups, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities.
- A3.5 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.5 (2026)
Your child will learn about important new laws and political decisions in Canada between 1850 and 1890, such as the law that created Canada as a country (the British North America Act). They will also understand how these changes affected different groups of people, not including Indigenous peoples.
- A3.5 GEO - Grade 8 - A3.5
Your child will learn about the different ways people settling in an area can change the environment, such as how pollution affects water, air, and soil, or how building new homes and cities can lead to less natural land and impact animal migration. They will also understand how certain farming methods can turn fertile land into desert.
- A3.6 GEO - Grade 8 - A3.6
Your child will learn about ways people and communities are trying to make their towns and cities more environmentally friendly and last longer. This includes things like saving water, recycling more, using public transportation, and planting trees.
- A3.6 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.6 (2026)
Your child will learn about important social and economic shifts that took place in Canada between 1850 and 1890. They will understand how these changes, like the growth of cities or the gold rush, affected different people and communities, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit.
- A3.6 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.6 (2018)
Your child will learn about important times when people in Canada worked together or had disagreements between 1850 and 1890, such as the Red River Resistance or the creation of Canada.
- A3.7 GEO - Grade 8 - A3.7
Your child will be able to understand and create choropleth maps, which are maps that use different shades or colours to show information about an area, like how many people live there or how land is used.
- A3.7 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.7 (2026)
Your child will learn about important times when people in Canada worked together or had disagreements between 1850 and 1890. For example, they will understand how different groups cooperated to help people escape slavery, or the reasons behind conflicts like the Red River Resistance.
- A3.7 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.7 (2018)
Your child will learn about important people and groups in Canada between 1850 and 1890, like Louis Riel or the Métis Nation. They will understand how these individuals and groups helped shape Canada's history and who we are as Canadians today.
- A3.8 HIST - Grade 8 - A3.8 (2026) - EN ONLY
Your child will learn about important people and groups in Canada between 1850 and 1890, such as John A. Macdonald or the Métis Nation. They will understand how these individuals and groups helped shape Canada's history and identity.
Your child will understand how and why people settle in certain areas, and how these settlements impact the environment.
Your child will learn about important people, events, and changes that happened in Canada between 1850 and 1890. They will understand how things like the Indian Act, agreements between Indigenous groups and the government, and residential schools affected people and Canada's history.
B. Global Inequalities: Economic Development and Quality of Life 42 expectations
Your child will be able to understand how different things connect to cause global inequalities, especially in how people live and thrive. They will also look at different ways people are trying to fix these problems.
View 8 learning goals
- B1.1 GEO - Grade 8 - B1.1
Your child will learn how different things, like access to clean water or education, are connected and can affect a country's quality of life, including health and economic well-being.
- B1.1 HIST - Grade 8 - B1.1
Your child will be able to compare how different groups of people in Canada, including Indigenous communities, lived between 1890 and 1914 with how those same groups live today. They will look at what has changed and what has stayed the same for these groups, such as immigrants, women, or people living in poverty.
- B1.2 HIST - Grade 8 - B1.2
Your child will learn how challenges like treaties, the Indian Act (a law that gave the Canadian government control over many aspects of Indigenous life), the reserve system, and residential schools impacted Indigenous people and communities in the past. They will also understand how these historical challenges continue to affect Indigenous people today, such as through ongoing issues with cultural identity or mental health.
- B1.2 GEO - Grade 8 - B1.2
Your child will learn how different things, like who owns resources or a country's past, affect the economies of various countries, both rich and poor. They will also understand how these economic factors are connected to the quality of life for people in those countries.
- B1.3 HIST - Grade 8 - B1.3
Your child will learn about some of the difficulties that different non-Indigenous people and groups in Canada faced between 1890 and 1914, such as tough working conditions or unfair treatment. They will also compare these past challenges to similar issues Canadians experience today.
- B1.3 GEO - Grade 8 - B1.3
Your child will be able to look at different programs and policies around the world (like those that provide clean water, improve education, or fight diseases) and decide how well they actually help people live better lives.
- B1.4 HIST - Grade 8 - B1.4
Your child will learn about the different ways people in Canada, including Indigenous communities, tried to make their lives better between 1890 and 1914, and compare those efforts to similar actions taken by groups today.
- B1.4 GEO - Grade 8 - B1.4
Your child will think about how different types of media, like news reports or charity ads, can help improve people's lives in various countries around the world. They will look at examples like how celebrities raise awareness or how fundraisers like Live Aid helped people in need.
Your child will explore how Canada has changed and stayed the same between the late 1800s and today. They will look at the experiences and challenges faced by different groups of people, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities, and the actions they took.
Your child will learn how to investigate different points of view from various groups, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities, about important events and changes in Canada between 1890 and 1914. This helps them understand the importance of these events and how different people experienced them.
View 13 learning goals
- B2.1 GEO - Grade 8 - B2.1
Your child will learn to ask good questions when studying how different countries develop and how people's lives are affected, especially when looking at things like the impact of educating girls, the AIDS epidemic, fair trade, foreign ownership of resources, or a country's debt.
- B2.1 HIST - Grade 8 - B2.1
Your child will learn to create questions that help them explore how various groups, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities, viewed important events and issues in Canada between 1890 and 1914. For example, they might ask how different people felt about the Boer War or changes to immigration rules.
- B2.2 GEO - Grade 8 - B2.2
Your child will be able to collect and organize information from different places, including online, to learn about global development and how it affects people's quality of life around the world.
- B2.2 HIST - Grade 8 - B2.2
Your child will collect and arrange facts and proof about what various groups, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities, thought about important events or issues in Canada from 1890 to 1914. They will use many types of original materials from that time, like old letters or Indigenous oral histories, as well as information from books or documentaries.
- B2.3 HIST - Grade 8 - B2.3
Your child will learn how to figure out if information they find is trustworthy by looking at who created it, why they created it, and if it's accurate and unbiased.
- B2.3 GEO - Grade 8 - B2.3
Your child will be able to look at and create maps, both on computers and on paper, to study problems related to how countries are developing and the quality of life around the world. For example, they might use maps to see how different countries compare in terms of human development or create maps to show connections between things like how long people live and how many people can read.
- B2.4 GEO - Grade 8 - B2.4
Your child will be able to understand and make sense of information they gather for their projects, using different tools like maps and graphs. For example, they might look at graphs to compare how much money people make and how many people can read in countries where many children work.
- B2.4 HIST - Grade 8 - B2.4
Your child will be able to understand how to use and create maps to learn about important events, changes, and issues that affected Canada and its people between 1890 and 1914, focusing on how places and their borders changed over time.
- B2.5 HIST - Grade 8 - B2.5
Your child will be able to make sense of information and evidence they find for their projects, using different methods like charts or looking at political cartoons. They will also understand how to read graphs that show things like how many babies survive, to help them understand different viewpoints from the past.
- B2.5 GEO - Grade 8 - B2.5
Your child will be able to look at information about different countries and decide what it means for how people live and how well off they are.
- B2.6 GEO - Grade 8 - B2.6
Your child will be able to share what they've learned about global inequalities using the right words, like "demography" (the study of populations) or "gross domestic product" (the total value of goods and services produced in a country). They will also learn to present their information in different ways, such as a presentation, a photo essay, or an article, depending on who they are sharing it with.
- B2.6 HIST - Grade 8 - B2.6
Your child will be able to look at different pieces of information and decide what they mean, especially when considering how various groups, like First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities, viewed important events or issues in Canada between 1890 and 1914.
- B2.7 HIST - Grade 8 - B2.7
Your child will be able to share what they've learned about Canadian history between 1890 and 1914 using the right words and in ways that make sense to different people, like through a photo essay, a speech, a poem, or even a dance.
Your child will learn to use a step-by-step geographic inquiry process to explore issues about how countries around the world develop and how that affects people's quality of life, focusing on understanding these issues from a geographic point of view.
Your child will learn about important people, events, and changes that happened in Canada between 1890 and 1914. This includes understanding the residential school system and how it affected people. They will also explore why these historical moments matter and what effects they had.
View 21 learning goals
- B3.1 GEO - Grade 8 - B3.1
Your child will learn about different ways to measure how well people are living around the world, such as how long people live, how many babies are born, and if they have access to clean water or education. They will understand why these measurements are important for understanding the quality of life in different countries.
- B3.1 HIST - Grade 8 - B3.1
Your child will learn about important events and changes that impacted First Nations, Métis, and Inuit people in Canada between 1890 and 1914. They will understand why these events, like the expansion of residential schools or laws against Indigenous ceremonies, were significant for various communities and individuals at the time.
- B3.2 HIST - Grade 8 - B3.2 (2026)
Your child will learn about important events and issues that impacted Black people and communities in Canada between 1890 and 1914. They will also understand why these historical moments were significant for different Black individuals and groups across the country.
- B3.2 GEO - Grade 8 - B3.2
Your child will compare how well people live in different countries, looking at things like how many babies and mothers survive childbirth, how many men and women can read, and the average income per person in countries like Australia, Mali, and Bangladesh.
- B3.2 HIST - Grade 8 - B3.2 (2018)
Your child will learn about important events and changes in Canada between 1890 and 1914, such as immigration or the start of the women's right to vote movement. They will also understand why these events were significant for different people and groups in Canada.
- B3.3 HIST - Grade 8 - B3.3 (2026)
Your child will learn about important events and changes in Canada between 1890 and 1914, such as the Boer War or the women's right to vote movement. They will also understand why these events were significant for different groups of people in Canada at the time.
- B3.3 GEO - Grade 8 - B3.3
Your child will be able to create and understand "scatter graphs" (which are charts that show how two different things relate to each other) to study how countries are developing and the quality of life there. For example, they might use these graphs to see if countries with higher literacy rates also have longer life expectancies.
- B3.3 HIST - Grade 8 - B3.3 (2018)
Your child will learn about important political and legal events that shaped Canada between 1890 and 1914, such as new provinces being formed or laws changing. They will also understand how these changes affected different people and groups, including Indigenous communities.
- B3.4 HIST - Grade 8 - B3.4 (2026)
Your child will learn about important political and legal changes that happened in Canada between 1890 and 1914, like when new provinces were created or laws about schooling changed. They will also understand how these changes affected different people and groups, including Indigenous communities.
- B3.4 GEO - Grade 8 - B3.4
Your child will learn to understand and create population pyramids, which are special graphs that show how many people of different ages and genders live in a country. They will use these pyramids to compare things like life expectancy in different countries and predict how populations might change in the future.
- B3.4 HIST - Grade 8 - B3.4 (2018)
Your child will learn about important social and economic shifts that happened in Canada between 1890 and 1914. They will understand how these changes, such as new technologies or people moving to cities, affected different groups, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities.
- B3.5 HIST - Grade 8 - B3.5 (2026)
Your child will learn about important social and economic shifts in Canada between 1890 and 1914, such as the Klondike gold rush or new immigration laws. They will also understand how these changes affected different groups of people, including First Nations, Métis, and Inuit communities.
- B3.5 HIST - Grade 8 - B3.5 (2018)
Your child will learn about important times when different groups in Canada worked together or disagreed between 1890 and 1914. This includes understanding why Indigenous families resisted residential schools and how English and French Canadians had conflicts over things like the Boer War.
- B3.5 GEO - Grade 8 - B3.5
Your child will learn about different groups and organizations, like Doctors Without Borders, that work to make life better for people around the world, and understand what each group focuses on.
- B3.6 HIST - Grade 8 - B3.6 (2018)
Your child will learn about important people and groups in Canada between 1890 and 1914, understanding how they helped shape Canadian heritage and identity.
- B3.6 HIST - Grade 8 - B3.6 (2026)
Your child will learn about important times when different groups in Canada worked together or disagreed between 1890 and 1914. This includes understanding how Indigenous families resisted residential schools, and how English and French Canadians had conflicts over things like the Boer War.
- B3.6 GEO - Grade 8 - B3.6
Your child will learn about different ways countries organize their economies, such as traditional, command, market, and mixed systems, and understand what makes each one unique.
- B3.7 GEO - Grade 8 - B3.7
Your child will understand how different types of jobs in a country, like farming (primary), manufacturing (secondary), services (tertiary), and knowledge-based work (quaternary), affect its overall development and quality of life. For example, countries with more jobs in services and knowledge tend to be more developed.
- B3.7 HIST - Grade 8 - B3.7 (2026)
Your child will learn about important people and groups in Canada between 1890 and 1914, and understand how they helped shape Canada's history and who we are as a country.
- B3.8 GEO - Grade 8 - B3.8
Your child will be able to identify and describe different things that can affect a country's economic development, such as its natural resources, trade relationships, past history, government spending, and political stability.
- B3.9 GEO - Grade 8 - B3.9
Your child will learn how wealth is spread out around the world and within different countries, noticing where most of the money is and where the poorest areas are. They will also understand how this distribution of wealth is changing as some countries become richer.
Your child will learn about important people, problems, and events that shaped Canada between 1890 and 1914. They will also understand how the residential school system affected people's lives during this time.
Your child will understand how different parts of the world have developed economically and what factors influence the quality of life there. They will also learn to recognize patterns and trends in these developments.
Key terms from this curriculum
Social Studies / History / Geography in other grades
Other subjects in Grade 8
The descriptions on this page are SmartStudy’s own original, plain-language writing — not the Ministry’s wording. They are aligned to the Ontario Curriculum, © King’s Printer for Ontario. For the Ministry’s official wording, see the source link below. SmartStudy is an independent service and is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by the Government of Ontario or the Ministry of Education. Ontario Curriculum and Resources ↗